Description: An 11-year-old female walks into your office with 5 millimeters of gingival display on smile. She has not hit her growth spurt yet, so is it time to prescribe treatment? What treatment is to be recommended-periodontal crown lengthening, orthodontic intrusion, or keep on observation for orthognathic surgery? In this course we will describe what criteria makes it appropriate to deliver treatment, and when. Using the checklist approach leads us to what to treat and when. Data is presented that shows what we should expect during every step of growth, maturation, and aging of the patient so we have hard data to help guide us as to how to answer the question of what to treat and when.